Tymalin

Functions as a zinc‑dependent metallopeptide that requires binding with zinc ions to adopt its biologically active conformation, acting as a direct analogue to the native thymic hormone Thymulin. In T‑lymphocyte development, it activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling cascade within precursor cells. This upregulation of intracellular cAMP drives the expression of critical differentiation markers (Thy‑1, CD3, CD4, CD8), transforming naive thymocytes into fully functional, competent T‑cells capable of recognizing specific antigens. Functions as a neuroendocrine regulator by bridging the immune‑endocrine axis. It influences the release of pituitary hormones (such as ACTH and β‑endorphin), helping to mitigate stress‑induced immunodeficiency and normalize immune function during periods of high physiological stress. Functions as an immune‑modulator in inflammatory states by inhibiting the NF‑κB signaling pathway. By preventing the excessive nuclear translocation of NF‑κB in immune cells, it downregulates the production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6, TNF‑α), effectively reducing chronic inflammation and 'inflammaging' without suppressing the acute response needed for viral defense